Effects of Exercise on General Cognition, Memory and Executive Function

A comprehensive study was conducted to analyse to effect of exercise on general cognition, memory and executive function.

It was found that exercise, even light intensity such as Tai Chai, Yoga, Mindfulness, benefits general cognition, memory and executive function across all populations, reinforcing exercise as an essential, inclusive recommendation for optimising cognitive health.

It was found that

·       Exercise interventions significantly improved general cognition, memory and executive function across all populations and ages.

·       Effects were generally larger for low- and moderate-intensity interventions.

·       Exercise, even at a lighter intensity, positively impacts overall cognitive function, memory and executive skills in all demographic groups

Exercise has profound effects on physical health. However, increasing evidence suggests that these effects extend beyond physical health, positively influencing cognitive health and mental well-being. The relationship between exercise and cognitive function has become an important area of research due to its relevance to healthcare and the broader community.

Physiologically, exercise may bolster cognition through mechanisms such as the augmented release of neurotrophic factors, increased vascularisation of the brain, greater dendritic spine density, enhanced synaptic plasticity and reduced systemic inflammation. Psychologically, the social and interactive aspects of exercise may further catalyse cognitive improvements. All exercise modalities confer significant improvements in general cognition, memory and executive function, certain modalities impart greater cognitive benefits..

The practice of mind-body exercises (including yoga, Tai Chi and Chi Jong), require a high degree of attention in conjunction with the memorisation of coordinated movement sequences, it is found to be particularly beneficial for memory enhancement. Low-intensity exercise had the greatest effect on cognitive outcomes, it is important to consider that many low-intensity interventions, such as Tai Chi, yoga and exergaming, incorporate significant cognitive components. Tai Chi requires memorisation of sequences and spatial awareness, yoga emphasises mind-body connection and breath control. Several mechanism come into play increased cerebral blood flow, enhanced neuroplasticity, improved neurotransmitter function and the cognitive demands of complex movement patterns.

Exercise prescriptions can be individualised based on patient preferences and abilities, as cognitive gains were observed across various exercise types, intensities, frequencies and durations

CONCLUSIONS

The current evidence on the cognitive benefits of exercise, highlights its positive effects on general cognition, memory and executive function across diverse populations and exercise modalities. Regular physical activity supports cognitive health across the lifespan. Most forms of exercise appear effective, including light-intensity activities, exergaming and mind-body practices such as yoga and Tai Chi, making exercise an accessible and versatile intervention. There is a  need for further high-quality studies to confirm and refine these findings of the effects of these exercises, this review provides strong support for the role of exercise in promoting cognitive function and overall health.